Unit 1
Different Techniques of Analysis
| Qualitative Analysis, Quantitative Analysis, Chemical Methods, Instrumental Methods, Microbiological Methods, Biological Methods. |
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Methods of Expressing Concentration
| Molarity (M), Molality (m), Normality (N), Parts per million (PPm), Percentage composition or gram/litre, Mole fraction. |
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Primary and Secondary Standard
| Definition, Requirements for Primary Standards, Examples of Primary Standards, Secondary Standard. |
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Various Preparation and Standardization
| Oxalic Acid, Sodium Hydroxide, Potassium Permanganate, Sulphuric Acid, Hydrochloric Acid, Sodium Thiosulphate, Ceric Ammonium Sulphate. |
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Errors Notes
| Definition, Types of Error, Determinate Error, Indeterminate Error, Operational and Personal Error, Instrumental and Reagent Errors, Errors of Method, Additive or Proportional Errors, Salient Features of Indeterminate Errors. |
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Minimizing of Errors
| Calibration of Instruments, Apparatus and Applying Necessary Corrections, Performing a Parallel Control Determination, Blank Determination, Cross-checking Results by Different Methods of Analysis, Method of Standard Addition, Method of Internal Standards. |
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Accuracy Notes
| Definitions, Accuracy, Absolute Error, Examples. |
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Precision Notes
| Precision Definition, Graph, Example. |
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Sources of Impurities
| The raw material used in manufacture, Reagents used in the manufacturing process, Method/ process in manufacture or method of manufacturing, and Chemical processes used in the manufacture. Atmospheric contamination during the manufacturing process, Intermediate products in the manufacturing process, Defects in the manufacturing process, Manufacturing hazards, and Inadequate Storage conditions. Decomposition of the product during storage, Accidental substitution or deliberate adulteration with spurious or useless materials. |
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Limit Tests Notes
| Introduction, Limit test for chlorides, Limit test for sulphates, Limit test for Iron, Limit test for Heavy metals, Limit test for Lead, Limit test for Arsenic, Modified Limit test for chlorides, Modified Limit test for sulphates. |
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Unit 2
Acid-Base Titration
| Strong Acid-Strong Base Titrations, Weak Acid-Strong Base Titrations, Weak Base-Strong Acid Titrations, Titrations of Polyprotic Systems, Acid-Base Indicators, Choosing an Acid-Base Indicator. |
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Non-aqueous Titration
| Non-aqueous Acid-Base Titration, Advantages, Disadvantages, Aprotic Solvent, Protogenic Solvent, Protophillic Solvent, Amphiprotic Solvent, Selection for Solvent, Choose of Indicators. |
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Unit 3
Precipitation Titration
| Precipitation titration Definition, Titration curves for precipitation titrations, Endpoint detection precipitation titration, Complex formation titration, Titration curve for complexation titration, Composition of EDTA solution as a function of pH, Indicators for EDTA titration, Solubility. |
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Complexometric Titration
| Introduction, Bonding in Complexes, Werner’s Co-ordination Number, Classification of Ligands, Chelating agent, Reagent EDTA, Effect of pH on complex formation, Principle of Complexometric Titration, Methods of End Point Detection, Masking and Demasking Agents. |
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Masking and Demasking Agents
| Definition, Masking by precipitation, Masking by Complex Formation, Ammonium Fluoride, Ascorbic Acid, Potassium Cyanide, and Demasking Agents. |
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Gravimetry Notes
| Definition, Criteria, Procedures, Advantages and Disadvantages, Calculations, How do we get a percentage, Gravimetric Error, Mechanism of Precipitation. |
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Co-precipitation and Post Precipitation
| Co-precipitation, and Post Precipitation Definition, Factors affecting precipitation. |
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Diazotisation Titration
| Condition for diazotization, Rate of titration, Temperature, Visual endpoint determination method, Electrometric End Point determination method, Application of diazotization titration. |
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Unit 4
Redox Titration
| Introduction, Balancing Redox Reactions, Equilibrium constants for oxidation-reduction reactions, Calculating Equilibrium Constants, Redox Titration Curves, Miscellaneous Oxidizing agents. |
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Cerimetry Notes
| Principles, Standardization of 0.1M Ce(SO4)2, IP or Equivalent factors, Calculation, Application, Procedures, Category, and Description. |
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Iodimetry Notes
| Definition, Principles, Standardization Of 0.05M Iodine Using As2O3, IP/Equivalent factors, Calculations, Application, Description, Category. |
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Iodometry Notes
| Definition, Principles, Standardization of 0.1M Na2S2O3, IP Factors, Calculations, Application, Assay. |
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Bromatometry Notes
| Principles, Preparation of 0.016M KBrO 3 Solutions, Preparation, Application, Assay, Procedure for Assay, and IP Factors. |
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Dichrometry Notes
| Principles, Preparation and Standardization of 0.1M K2Cr2O7, Calculations, Application, Determination of Iron using k2Cr2O7. |
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Titration with Potassium Iodide
| Definitions, Principles, Standardization of 0.05M Potassium Iodate, Application, Assay of Potassium Iodate. |
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Unit 5
Conductometry Notes
| Introduction, Strong Acid with a Strong Base, e.g. HCl with NaOH, Weak Acid with a Strong Base, e.g. acetic acid with NaOH, Strong Acid with a Weak Base, e.g. sulphuric acid with dilute ammonia, Weak Acid with a Weak Base, Mixture of a Strong Acid and a Weak Acid vs. a Strong Base or a Weak Base. |
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Potentiometry Notes
| General Principle, The Glass Electrode for pH Measurements, Potentiometric Titrations, End-Point Detection with Potentiometric Titrations, Reagent and Apparatus, Procedures. |
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Polarography Notes
| Introduction, Polarization, Modes of Transport of Electroactive species to DME, Polarogram, Polarographic Maxima, ILkovic Equations, Advantages and Disadvantages of DME, Application of Polarography. |
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