Download D.Pharm 2nd Year Pharmacology Important Questions PDF.
General Pharmacology
Multiple Choice Questions
1. Pharmacokinetics is:
a) The study of biological and therapeutic effects of drugs
b) The study of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs
c) The study of mechanisms of drug action
d) The study of methods of new drug development
2. What does “pharmacokinetics” include?
a) Pharmacological effects of drugs
b) Unwanted effects of drugs
c) Chemical structure of a medicinal agent
d) Distribution of drugs in the organism
3. What is characteristic of the oral route?
a) Fast onset of effect
b) Absorption depends on GI tract secretion and motor function
c) A drug reaches the blood passing the liver
d) The sterilization of medicinal forms is obligatory
Short Answer Questions
1. Define the following:
a) Half-life of a drug
b) Steady state plasma concentration
c) Adverse drug reactions
2. List the factors modifying the dosage and action of drugs.
Long Answer Questions
1. What are the different routes of drug administration? Write about the advantages and disadvantages of the parenteral route of administration.
2. Define bioavailability and describe the factors affecting drug absorption.
3. Write about the factors modifying drug action.
4. Write about different types of drug interactions.
Drugs Acting on the Peripheral Nervous System
Multiple Choice Questions
1. The two main divisions of the central nervous system are:
a. Nerves and neurons
b. Cerebral cortex and cerebrospinal fluid
c. Brain and spinal cord
d. Spinal cord and nerves
2. Which of the following chemical substances is NOT an example of a neurotransmitter?
a. Acetylcholine
b. Glucose
c. Dopamine
d. Noradrenaline
3. How many pairs of cranial nerves originate within the brain?
a. Two
b. Four
c. Eight
d. Twelve
Short Answer Questions
1. Enlist the types of adrenergic receptor blockers.
2. Atropine is absorbed completely from all sites of administration except from the … (skin wall).
3. Enlist the types of autonomic nervous system.
Long Answer Questions
1. Discuss the effects of Acetylcholine.
2. What is the autonomic nervous system?
3. How are drugs affecting the Autonomic nervous system classified?
4. Discuss the effects of Adrenaline.
5. Discuss the effects and clinical uses of atropine.
6. Discuss the effects and contraindications of propranolol.
Drug Acting on the Eye
Short Answer Questions
1. What is miotics?
2. What do you mean by adverse reaction?
3. What is cycloplegics?
Long Answer Questions
1. Write a short note on Pilocarpine with the indication, dosage and administration, contraindications, precautions, and adverse reaction details.
2. Write a short note on Cyclopentolate hydrochloride with the indication, dosage and administration, contraindications, precautions, and adverse reaction details.
Drug Acting on the Central Nervous System
Multiple Choice Questions
1. Benzodiazepines:
a) Increase the duration of GABA-gated chloride channel openings
b) Bind to GABA receptors
c) Have extensive cardiodepressant effects
d) [Incomplete option; original text unclear]
2. Regarding GABA, all the following are true EXCEPT:
a) Receptor blockers have anticonvulsant activity
b) Is found in high concentrations in the basal ganglia
c) Metabolism is inhibited by sodium valproate
d) [Incomplete option; original text unclear]
3. Regarding thiopental:
a) Has high lipid solubility
b) Can be used intravenously to induce anesthesia
c) [Incomplete option; original text unclear]
d) [Incomplete option; original text unclear]
Short Answer Questions
1. List commonly abused drugs.
2. Write therapeutic uses of benzodiazepines.
Long Answer Questions
1. What are intravenous anesthetics? Write about their clinical uses.
2. Write about the mechanism of action and adverse effects of Phenytoin and carbamazepine.
3. Why is levodopa combined with carbidopa in the treatment of Parkinsonism?
4. Write about tricyclic antidepressants and their clinical indications.
Drug Acting on the Cardiovascular System
Multiple Choice Questions
1. Methyldopa:
a) Lowers the heart rate and cardiac output more than clonidine does
b) Causes a reduction in renal vascular resistance
c) Is a normal CNS depressant
d) Usual therapeutic dose is about 1–2 mg/day
2. The ACE inhibitors:
a) Inhibit peptidyl dipeptidase, thus preventing the inactivation of bradykinin
b) Captopril is a drug for the treatment of diabetic patients
c) Have no role in treating uncomplicated diabetic patients
d) Are useful in hypertension control in late pregnancy
3. Regarding cardiac arrhythmias:
a) Heart rate decreases during inspiration
b) Heart rate increases during phrenic nerve left-side stimulation
c) Heart rate averages 20 beats/min in patients with infundibular block
d) Short PR interval and normal QRS complex characterize Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome
4. The following drugs, when combined with ACE inhibitors, may produce troublesome side effects:
a) Diclofenac
b) Cimetidine
c) Spironolactone
d) Theophylline
5. Myocardial infarction:
a) Is characterized by necrosis beginning approximately 30 minutes after coronary occlusion
b) Most often involves occlusion of the left circumflex coronary artery
c) An experienced nurse promptly performs a 12-lead ECG after coronary occlusion
d) Typically results in liquefactive necrosis
6. Regarding calcium channel blockers:
a) Verapamil channel blockers are not bound to plasma proteins
b) Nifedipine has been associated with severe hypotension
c) Felodipine has been shown to inhibit insulin release in humans
d) Diltiazem has a plasma half-life of 3–4 hours
7. All of the following increase cardiac output EXCEPT:
a) Pregnancy
b) Sleep
c) High environmental temperature
d) Exercise
Short Answer Questions
1. List the different groups of antihypertensive drugs.
2. Write the common adverse effects of vasodilators.
Long Answer Questions
1. Which antihypertensive drugs can also be used in angina pectoris?
2. Discuss how digitalis can interact with diuretics.
3. Describe the pharmacological approaches used in the management of shock.
Drugs Acting on the Blood and Blood-Forming Organ
Multiple Choice Questions
1. All of the following drugs are used for iron deficiency anemia EXCEPT:
a) Ferrous sulfate
b) Folic acid
c) Ferrous fumarate
d) Ferrous gluconate
2. The vitamin essential for blood clotting is:
a) Vitamin A
b) Vitamin B
c) Vitamin C
d) Vitamin K
3. What prevents clotting of blood in blood vessels?
a) Serotonin
b) Fibrinogen
c) Heparin
d) Fibrin
Short Answer Questions
1. What is the role of aspirin as an antiplatelet agent?
2. Write the therapeutic uses of aspirin.
Long Answer Questions
1. Discuss in detail the pharmacokinetics of iron.
2. Discuss various types of iron formulations with their side effects.
3. Explain the mechanism of action and effects of vitamin B12 and folic acid, and their relationship.
4. What are the effects and adverse reactions of heparin and oral anticoagulants?
Drug Acting on the Respiratory System
Multiple Choice Questions
1. All of the following are selective β2-agonists, except:
a) Isoprenaline
b) Salbutamol
c) Terbutaline
d) Formoterol
2. Which of the following inhibits acetylcholine-mediated bronchospasm?
a) Theophylline
b) Ephedrine
c) Ipratropium
d) Salmeterol
3. The following drug is contraindicated in bronchial asthma:
a) Propranolol
b) Ipratropium
c) Theophylline
d) Ketotifen
Short Answer Questions
1. List the side effects and contraindications of glucocorticoids.
2. What are the drugs used to treat bronchial asthma?
3. Give examples of decongestant drugs.
Long Answer Questions
1. Classify drugs used in bronchial asthma.
2. Explain the mechanism of action and pharmacokinetic properties of methylxanthines.
3. What are the differences between antitussives and expectorants? Provide examples.
Drugs Used in Gastrointestinal
Multiple Choice Questions
1. Peptic ulcer disease:
a) Is a chronic disorder
b) Is characterized by frequent recurrences
c) Comprises duodenal and gastric ulcers
d) The incidence of duodenal ulcers is four to five times lower than that of gastric ulcers
2. The following statement about omeprazole is true, except:
a) It is highly plasma protein-bound
b) Its bioavailability is not affected by food
c) It is metabolized by the liver
d) It provides long-lasting acid suppression
3. Which of the following laxatives lowers blood ammonia levels in hepatic encephalopathy?
a) Lactulose
b) Liquid paraffin
c) Magnesium sulfate
d) Bisacodyl
4. All of the following statements about antacids are true, except:
a) They are weak bases that neutralize gastric pH
b) They inhibit the formation of pepsin
c) Aluminum antacids cause diarrhea and magnesium antacids cause constipation
d) Aluminum antacids cause constipation and magnesium antacids cause diarrhea
Short Answer Questions
1. Define antacids.
2. Write short notes on gastric acid secretion inhibitors.
Long Answer Questions
1. Explain briefly the protective agents.
2. Classify laxatives based on their mode of action.
3. Define antiemetics. Classify them with examples.
Drugs Acting on the Kidney
Multiple Choice Questions
1. Furosemide increases the excretion of all of the following except:
a) Sodium
b) Potassium
c) Uric acid
d) Calcium and magnesium
2. The symptoms related to the toxicity of loop diuretics include:
a) Allergic reaction
b) Deafness
c) Hypomagnesemia
d) Hyperuricemia
3. The following statements about osmotic diuretics are true, except:
a) Mannitol gets filtered in the glomerulus but cannot be reabsorbed
b) To maintain osmotic balance, water is retained in the urine
c) Their presence leads to an increase in the osmolarity of the filtrate
d) All of the above
Short Answer Questions
1. Write a short note on osmotic diuretics.
2. What are loop diuretics? Write a short note on furosemide.
Long Answer Questions
1. What are diuretics? Classify diuretics with examples.
2. Discuss the pharmacology of mannitol.
Hormones and Hormone Antagonists
Multiple Choice Questions
1. Which of the following statements about histamine is correct?
a) Histamine is stored in peripheral nerve endings
b) Histamine is released from mast cells following an allergic challenge
c) Histamine is a vasoconstrictor
d) Histamine is an essential amino acid
2. Which of the following activities occurs following the stimulation of H2 receptors?
a) Vasodilation
b) Uterine contraction
c) Bronchial smooth muscle contraction
d) Enhanced secretion of hydrochloric acid in the stomach
3. Which of the following statements about histamine is not correct?
a) It is a bronchodilator
b) Large-scale release of it may cause a fall in blood pressure
c) Large-scale release of it may cause a fall in blood volume
d) Histamine release contributes to the symptoms of anaphylaxis
4. Which of the following glands is not activated by products of the anterior pituitary?
a) The adrenal cortex
b) The pancreas
c) The thyroid gland
d) The mammary gland
Short Answer Questions
1. List the important organ/system effects of insulin.
2. Provide the clinical aspects of oral antidiabetic drugs.
3. Write briefly about antithyroid drugs.
Long Answer Questions
1. Discuss the mechanism and beneficial effects of combined oral contraceptive pills.
2. Discuss the pharmacological actions and adverse effects of glucocorticoids.
Autocoids
Multiple Choice Questions
1. Autacoids differ from hormones in that:
a) Autacoids are involved only in the causation of pathological states
b) Autacoids do not have a specific cell/tissue of origin
c) Autacoids generally act locally at the site of generation and release
d) Both b and c are correct
2. Histamine exerts the following actions except:
a) Dilatation of large blood vessels
b) Dilatation of small blood vessels
c) Stimulation of isolated guinea pig heart
d) Itching
3. The following statement about histamine is not correct:
a) It is the sole mediator of immediate hypersensitivity reactions
b) It plays no role in delayed hypersensitivity reactions
c) It serves as a neurotransmitter in the brain
d) All types of histamine receptors are G protein-coupled receptors
Long Answer Questions
1. Explain the antagonistic effects of histamine and adrenaline.
2. Discuss the consequences of inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis.
Chemotherapeutic Drugs
Multiple Choice Questions
1. Which antibiotic has a beta-lactam ring?
a) Cephalosporin
b) Penicillin
c) Tetracycline
d) Streptomycin
2. Chemotherapeutic agents must:
a) Prevent/destroy the activity of a parasite
b) Leave unaltered the host’s natural defense by penetrating the cells
c) Come in contact with the parasite by penetrating the cells
d) All of the above
3. Amebiasis causes:
a) Headache and cold
b) Dysentery
c) Fever
d) Severe cold
4. Which of the following combination is effective?
a) Cephalosporin inhibition of protein synthesis
b) Aminoglycoside inhibition of cell wall synthesis
c) Fluoroquinolone inhibition of cell wall synthesis
d) All of the above
5. Which of the following drugs is NOT an aminoglycoside?
a) Streptomycin
b) Neomycin
c) Amikacin
d) Azithromycin
6. The causative of tuberculosis is:
a) Virus
b) Bacterium
c) Malnutrition
d) None of the above
7. Which of the following is the most common adverse effect of amphotericin B?
a) Hypokalemia
b) Hypomagnesemia
c) Nephrotoxicity
d) Hepatotoxicity
8. Which of the following drugs inhibit herpes viruses?
a) Amantadine
b) Acyclovir
c) Oseltamivir
d) Azidothymidine
9. Select the drug used for malaria chemoprophylaxis and treatment:
a) Chloroquine
b) Quinine
c) Sulfonamides
d) Suramin
10. Which drug used for trichomoniasis treatment?
a) Metronidazole
b) Pyrimethamine
c) Tetracycline
d) None of the above
Short Answer Questions
1. Give adverse effects of aminoglycosides.
2. Write the clinical uses of Praziquantel.
Long Answer Questions
1. Describe the mechanisms of action of antimicrobials.
2. How can chloroquine-resistant Falciparum malaria be treated?
3. Discuss the antiviral drugs with regard to their efficacy and safety.
Biologicals
Short Answer Questions
- Define biological.
- Write the types of biologicals.
- Explain in brief examples of biologicals.