B.Pharm 2nd Semester New Syllabus 2026-27

Applied Biostatistics and Data Analytics for Pharmaceutical Sciences

(Theory – BP201T)

UNIT-1: Descriptive Statistics

• Types of data in pharmaceutical sciences (nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio)
• Sources of data in pharmacy: clinical trials, pharmacovigilance, quality control, PK studies
• Measures of central tendency: mean, median, mode, their calculation and interpretation
• Measures of dispersion (range, variance, standard deviation) and their interpretation using pharmaceutical data
• Skewness and understanding distribution shape in biological measurements
• Perform descriptive statistical analysis using Python libraries such as NumPy and Pandas, with focus on Interpretation of results

• Basic probability concepts and laws (addition and multiplication rules), conditional probability and its interpretation
• Bayes’ theorem and its application in clinical decision-making
• Concept of random variables (discrete and continuous)
• Normal distribution and its importance in biological and pharmaceutical measurements,
• Binomial distribution demonstrating applications in clinical trial outcomes
• Poisson distribution for modeling rare events such as adverse drug reactions
• Graphical visualization of these probability distributions using Python

• Population versus sample, sampling techniques used in clinical research, Sampling error and bias
• Conceptual understanding of the Central Limit Theorem
• Confidence intervals and their interpretation
• Hypothesis testing framework (null and alternative hypotheses)
• Type I and Type II errors, p-value and statistical significance
• Demonstration, calculation and interpretation of these parameters using python with pharmaceutical data

• Conceptual understanding of the following concepts with emphasis on their interpretation-
• correlation and Pearson correlation coefficients
• Interpretation of positive and negative correlations
• Scatter plots and trend visualization using pharmaceutical data such as dose-response relationships
• Simple linear regression concept, interpretation of regression coefficients
• Introduction to odds ratio and its application in clinical risk analysis

• Demonstration of descriptive statistics, correlation analysis and linear regression using Python libraries- SciPy / Statsmodels / Scikit-learn on pharmaceutical datasets
• Interpretation of the output summaries and p-values
• Preparation of statistical reports

Biochemistry

(Theory – BP202T)

UNIT-1: Enzymology

• a. Introduction, properties, nomenclature, and IUB classification of enzymes and coenzymes. Enzyme kinetics (Michaelis plot, Lineweaver– Burk plot).
• Enzyme inhibitors with examples. Regulation of enzymes: enzyme induction and repression, allosteric enzyme regulation.
• Therapeutic and diagnostic application of enzymes and isoenzymes.
• Factors affecting enzyme activity. Digestion, absorption function of dietary Macro and Micronutrients, including Vitamins and Minerals, Biochemical functions of vitamins and associated diseases.
• b. Clinical Chemistry: Liver function tests (routinely performed tests based on liver function). Renal function tests (routinely performed tests based on kidney function, ELISA test)

• a. Introduction about biomolecules – Introduction of carbohydrate, lipids, nucleic acids, amino acids and proteins.
• b. Bioenergetics: Concept of free energy; relationship between free energy, enthalpy, and entropy; redox potential; energy-rich compounds (ATP, GTP, etc.) and their biological significance.
• c. Carbohydrate Metabolism and their role in diabetis mellitus: Overview and significance of major pathways: Glycolysis, Citric Acid Cycle (TCA), Gluconeogenesis, Hexose Monophosphate (HMP) shunt, and Glycogen metabolism; regulation of blood glucose levels; metabolic adaptations during fed state, fasting, and prolonged starvation; metabolic derangements in diabetes mellitus and related disorders.
• d. Biological Oxidation: Electron Transport Chain (ETC), oxidative phosphorylation, and mechanisms of ATP synthesis; regulation and clinical implications of mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress.

• a. Classification, functions, and properties of lipids and lipoproteins (HDL, LDL, VLDL, chylomicrons)
• b. β-oxidation and de-novo synthesis of fatty acids: Ketone bodies: synthesis, utilization, and clinical significance
• c. Biological significance of cholesterol, lipid profile, and its clinical significance
• d. Disorders associated with lipid metabolism: Hyperlipidaemias and hypercholesterolemia, lipid storage diseases, atherosclerosis, fatty liver disease, and obesity

• a. Classification and Biological Functions: Classification and physiological roles of amino acids. Structure and functions of proteins and plasma proteins
• b. General Metabolism of Amino Acids: Transamination, oxidative and non-oxidative deamination, decarboxylation. Urea cycle – nitrogen disposal and detoxification. Fate of carbon skeletons of amino acids
• (glucogenic vs ketogenic).
• c. Catabolism of Specific Amino Acids and Related Disorders: Catabolism of phenylalanine and tyrosine and their metabolic disorders (Phenylketonuria, Albinism, Alkaptonuria, Tyrosinemia) and Inborn errors of branched chain and aromatic amino acids
• d. Biochemical significance of neurotransmitters and hormones derived from amino acids:
• 5-HT (serotonin), melatonin, dopamine, noradrenaline, adrenaline
• e. Catabolism of heme and related disorders (jaundice).

• a. Nucleotide Metabolism and their related disorders: Biosynthesis of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides. Catabolism of purine nucleotides (uric acid formation). Clinical significance of Hyperuricemia and Gout.
• b. Genome Structure and Central Dogma: Organization of the mammalian genome. Introduction to DNA replication, Transcription, and Translation.
• c. Genetic Code and Regulation of Protein Synthesis: Properties of the genetic code: Inhibitors of transcription and translation (antibiotics, toxins)
• d. DNA Repair and Related Disorders: DNA damage types, Repair mechanisms. Overview of clinical disorders associated with faulty DNA replication

(Practical – BP207P)

(Minimum 12 experiments must be performed)

1. Identification tests for proteins (Albumin and Casein).
2. Qualitative analysis of carbohydrates* (Glucose, Fructose, Lactose, Sucrose, and Starch).
3. Qualitative analysis of urine for normal and abnormal constituents.
4. Estimation of blood glucose.
5. Estimation of total cholesterol and HDL cholesterol.
6. Estimation of urea, creatinine, and uric acid in serum.
7. Estimation of serum total protein and albumin.
8. Study of enzymatic hydrolysis of starch.
9. Study of the effect of temperature on salivary amylase activity.
10. Study of the effect of substrate concentration on salivary amylase activity.
11. Estimation of hemoglobin in blood by Sahli’s method / Cyanmethemoglobin method.
12. Estimation of serum bilirubin (total and direct bilirubin).
13. Estimation of glycogen content
14. Estimation of SGOT and SGPT

Human Anatomy, Physiology and Pathophysiology 2

(Theory – BP203T)

UNIT-1: Nervous System

• a) Organization of nervous system, neuron, neuroglia, classification and properties of nerve fibre, electrophysiology, action potential, nerve impulse, receptors, synapse and neurotransmitters.
• Central nervous system: Meninges, ventricles of brain and cerebrospinal fluid. Structure and functions of brain (cerebrum, brain stem and cerebellum), spinal cord (gross structure, functions of afferent and efferent
• nerve tracts, reflex activity).
• b) Pathophysiology of epilepsy, Parkinson’s disease, stroke, migraine, depression, schizophrenia, Alzheimer’s disease and meningitis.

• a) Anatomy of GI tract with special reference to anatomy and functions of stomach (acid production in the stomach and its regulation through parasympathetic nervous system; role of pepsin in protein digestion).
• Anatomy and functions of small intestine and large intestine. Anatomy and functions of salivary glands, pancreas and liver. Movements of GIT, digestion and absorption of nutrients.
• b) Pathophysiology of inflammatory bowel diseases, peptic ulcer, jaundice, hepatitis, typhoid and alcoholic and non alcoholic fatty liver disease

• a) Respiratory System
• Anatomy of respiratory system with special reference to anatomy of lungs.
• Mechanism of respiration and regulation of respiration. Lung volumes and capacities, transport of respiratory gases, artificial respiration and resuscitation methods.
• b) Pathophysiology of asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases and tuberculosis.
• c) Urinary System
• Anatomy of urinary tract with special reference to anatomy of kidney and nephrons. Functions of kidney and urinary tract. Physiology of urine formation, micturition reflex and role of kidneys in acid–base balance.
• Role of Renin Angitensin Aldosterone System in kidney.
• d) Pathophysiology of acute and chronic renal failure and urinary tract infections.

• a) Classification of hormones and mechanism of hormone action. Structure and functions of pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal gland, pancreas, pineal gland and thymus.
• b) Pathophysiology of diabetes, hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, goitre and polycystic ovary syndrome.

• a) Anatomy of male and female reproductive system. Functions of male and female reproductive system, sex hormones, physiology of menstruation, fertilization, spermatogenesis, oogenesis, pregnancy and parturition.
• b) Pathophysiology of sexually transmitted diseases: AIDS, syphilis and gonorrhea.
• c) Etiology and pathogenesis of cancer.

(Practical – BP208P)

(Minimum of 12 experiments must be performed)
Practical HAPP allows the verification of physiological processes discussed in theory classes through experiments on living tissues, simulated videos, models, and charts.

1. Study of nervous system using specimens and models.
2. Study of respiratory system using models.
3. Study of gastrointestinal system using models.
4. Study of reproductive system using models.
5. Demonstration of general neurological examination.
6. Demonstration of function of olfactory nerve.
7. Examination of different types of taste.
8. Demonstration of visual acuity.
9. Demonstration of reflex activity.
10. Recording of body temperature.
11. Determination of tidal volume and vital capacity.
12. Recording of body mass index (BMI).
13. Study of family planning devices and pregnancy diagnosis tests.
14. Understanding pathophysiology of IBD, peptic ulcer, jaundice, hepatitis, typhoid, asthma, tuberculosis, diabetes, and thyroid disorders through case files / case reports.
15. Hands-on training in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR).

Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry

(Theory – BP204T)

UNIT-1: Aliphatic Saturated Hydrocarbons – Alkanes

• Methods of preparation: Wurtz reaction, Kolbe’s reaction, Clemmensen reduction, Wolff–Kishner reduction
• Chemical reactions of alkanes
• Mechanism of free radical substitution (halogenation)
• Pharmaceutical applications of alkanes: Liquid paraffin, soft paraffin, hard paraffin
  Cycloalkanes:
• Baeyer’s strain theory and its limitations
• Coulson–Moffitt modification
• Sachse–Mohr theory

• Methods of preparation:
  o Dehydration of alcohols
  o Dehydrohalogenation of alkyl halides
  o Dehalogenation of vicinal dihalides
  o Wittig reaction
• Chemical reactions of alkenes
• Mechanism of electrophilic addition reactions
• Markovnikov’s and anti-Markovnikov’s rule
• Ozonolysis
  Conjugated Dienes
• Stability of conjugated dienes
• Mechanism of Diels–Alder reaction
  Electrophilic and free radical addition reactions
• 1,2- and 1,4-addition reactions

• Nucleophilic substitution reactions: SN1 and SN2
  o Mechanism, kinetics, substrate structure, solvent effect, stereochemistry
• Elimination reactions: E1 and E2
  o Mechanism, kinetics, substrate structure, solvent effect, stereochemistry
• Zaitsev’s (Saytzeff’s) rule with examples
• Comparison of substitution vs elimination reactions

• IUPAC nomenclature of mono- and di-substituted benzene derivatives
• Structure of benzene
• Molecular orbital picture and resonance
• Aromaticity and Hückel’s rule
• Electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions:
  o Nitration
  o Halogenation
  o Friedel–Crafts alkylation and its limitations
  o Friedel–Crafts acylation
  o Sulphonation and desulphonation
• Effect of substituents on reactivity and orientation

• Aldehydes and Ketones
• Preparation and properties of carbonyl compounds
• Nucleophilic addition reactions
• Aldol condensation and crossed aldol condensation
• Cannizzaro and crossed Cannizzaro reactions
• Benzoin and Perkin condensation
• Oxidation and reduction reactions
• Pharmaceutical applications of carbonyl compounds: Chloral, Paraldehyde, Ketoprofen

(Practical – BP209P)

(Minimum 12 experiments to be performed)

1. Systematic qualitative analysis of minimum of five water-insoluble or water immiscible unknown organic compounds from different chemical classes:
   a. Preliminary tests: Color, odour, Solubility tests, test for aromaticity, test for saturation/unsaturation etc.
   b. Detection of elements such as nitrogen, sulphur and halogens by Lassaigne’s test
   c. Determination of Functional group tests such as phenols, amides, amines, carboxylic acids, aldehydes and ketones, alcohols, esters, aromatic and halogenated hydrocarbons and nitro compounds.
   d. Preparation of the derivatives and confirmation of the unknown organic compound by melting point / boiling point.
2. Building Molecular Models: Students will use ball-and-stick models to create structures of molecules and
   understand their shapes and bonding.
3. Crystallization Method: Students will learn how to purify three organic compounds using the crystallization
   technique

Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry

(Theory – BP205T)

UNIT-1: Metabolic Pathways and Biogenetic Studies

• Brief study of basic metabolic pathways and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites including:
• Shikimic acid pathway
• Acetate pathway
• Amino acid pathways
  Utilization of radioactive isotopes in biogenetic studies.
  Introduction to pathway prediction tools and modern genetic tools such as CRISPR/Cas9.

• Primary Metabolites – General classification and identification tests
• Pharmacognostic study (biological source, distribution, identifying characters, chemical constituents, specific tests, therapeutic uses, and commercial applications) of:
• Carbohydrates:
• Acacia,
• Agar
• Tragacanth
• Honey
  Proteins and Enzymes:
• Gelatin
• Casein
• Proteolytic enzymes: Papain, Bromelain, Serratiopeptidase, Urokinase, Streptokinase, Pepsin Lipids (Waxes, Fats, Fixed Oils):
• Castor oil
• Olive oil
• Cocoa butter
• Wool fat
• Beeswax

• Secondary Metabolites – General classification and identification tests Pharmacognostic study (biological source, distribution, cultivation of underlined drugs, identifying characters, chemical constituents, specific
• tests, therapeutic uses, and commercial applications) of:
• Alkaloids:
• Vinca
• Rauwolfia
• Opium
  Volatile Oils:
• Lemongrass
• Clove
• Cinnamon
• Fennel
  Tannins:
• Myrobalans
• Catechu
• Pomegranate
  Resins:
• Guggul
• Asafoetida
  Glycosides:
• Senna
• Liquorice
• Digitalis
  Phenylpropanoids and Flavonoids:
• Green Tea
• Ginkgo
• Flax seed
  Iridoids, Other Terpenoids and Naphthoquinones:
• Gentian
• Artemisia

• Extraction Methods for Medicinal Plants – Conventional Methods of Extraction:
• Infusion
• Decoction
• Digestion
• Maceration
• Percolation
• Reflux
• Distillation
• Soxhlet extraction
• Successive solvent extraction
  Modern Methods of Extraction:
• Supercritical fluid extraction
• Microwave-assisted extraction
• Ultrasonic-assisted extraction
• Enzyme-assisted extraction
• Pressurized liquid extraction

• Overview of Isolation, Identification and Characterization Techniques– Separation and Isolation Techniques:
• Planar chromatography
• Column chromatography
• Preparative TLC
• Flash chromatography
  Identification Techniques:
• Phytochemical tests
• Chromatographic techniques
• Spectroscopic techniques
  Fingerprinting of medicinal plants using TLC/HPTLC.
  Types and significance of markers (phytochemical reference standards).
  Screening and analysis of major metabolites:
• Alkaloids
• Glycosides
• Saponins
• Tannins
• Resins
• Flavonoids
• Phenolics
• Steroids

(Practical – BP210P)

(Minimum 12 experiments must be performed)

1. Chemical tests for identification of Agar, Acacia, Tragacanth, Honey.
2. Chemical tests for identification of Castor oil, Olive oil, Wool fat, Beeswax.
3. Chemical tests for identification of Asafoetida, Catechu, Aloe.
4. Transverse section and powder microscopy of a vinca leaf.
5. Transverse section and powder microscopy of a cinnamon bark.
6. Transverse section and powder microscopy of a fennel fruit.
7. Transverse section and powder microscopy of a clove flower bud.
8. Transverse section and powder microscopy of a Tulsi stem.
9. Transverse section and powder microscopy of a Liquorice roots.
10. Study of effect on different extraction techniques on yield of crude extract (maceration, decoction, soxhlation).
11. Isolation of volatile oil and it’s TLC.
12. Isolation of caffeine from tea.
13. Isolation of Hesperidin from lemon peel.
14. Isolation of Glycyrhizin from liquorice roots.
15. Isolation of Pectin from orange peel.
16. Experiential learning based experiment involving evaluation and comparison of field/market collected herbal raw materials with Pharmacopoeial standards.

Physical Pharmaceutics

(Theory – BP206T)

UNIT-1: Solubility distribution phenomenon & buffers

• Solubility expression, Solute solvent interactions, Solubility of liquid and liquids, Solubility of solids and liquids, Solubility of Gas in Liquids, Raoult’s Law.
• Factors affecting solubility, Measurement of saturation Solubility, Effect of pH on solubility, Partition Coefficient – Measurement and significance, Critical Solution Temperature and Applications.
• Introduction to buffers, Buffers in pharmaceutical and biological system, pH determination methos (Electrometry and colorimetry).
• Buffer equation / Factor influencing the pH of buffer solutions, Factor influencing Buffer capacity, General procedure for preparing buffers, Indicators.

• Liquid interface: Surface and interfacial tension, surface free energy, Measurement of surface and interfacial tension, Spreading coefficient, surface active agent, HLB, detergency, types of monolayers at liquid surface. Adsorption at solid interface, Liquid Interface (contact angle, activated charcoal and Wetting). Adsorption of surface-active agents.
• Electric properties of interface / Electric double layer, Nernst and zeta potential effect of electrolytes

• Colloidal dispersions: Types of colloidal dispersions (Lyophobic, Lyophilic, Association colloids), Optical properties of colloids, Kinetic properties of colloids, Electrical properties of colloids, Size and shape of
• colloidal systems, Stability of colloidal system (peptization and protective action), Application of Colloidal System.
• Coarse Dispersions: Suspensions, stokes law (Theory of sedimentation), Effect of Brownian movement / Sedimentation of flocculated particles, sedimentation parameters.
• Flocculation and controlled structure flocculation. Theories of emulsification and stabilizaition (DLVO Theory, Monomolecular adsorption, Multimolecular adsorption, Film formation, Solid particle adsorption). Physical instabilities of emulsions (creaming, coalescence and breaking, and phase inversion).

• Newtonian systems and non-Newtonian systems. Thixotropy – measurement / Bulges and spurs. Negative thixotropy, Determination of rheological properties (Viscometers / single and multi-point).
• Viscoelasticity, psycho-rheology.
• Applications of rheology in pharm

• Particle size and size distribution, Particle Shape and Surface area: Methods for determination and significance.
• Flow properties of powders: determination, significance and methods of enhancement. Advanced flow properties of powers (Powder flow tester).

(Practical – BP211P)

(Minimum 12 experiments must be performed)

1. Determination of surface tension of given liquids by drop count method and drop weight method.
2. Determination of critical micellar concentration (CMC) of surfactants.
3. Determination of viscosity of liquids using Ostwald’s viscometer and Brookfield viscometer.
4. Determination of HLB value of a surfactant.
5. Calculation of isotonicity by different methods (Sodium Chloride Equivalent Method).
6. Determination of particle size and particle size distribution using sieving method.
7. Determination of particle size and particle size distribution using microscopic method.
8. Determination of densities and derived properties of powders (bulk density, tapped density, Hausner ratio, Carr’s compressibility index), true density, and porosity.
9. Determination of angle of repose and influence of glidants on angle of repose.
10. Determination of solubility of a drug at different pH/buffer systems at room temperature.
11. Determination of partition coefficient of a drug in n-octanol and water system.
12. Determination of partition coefficient of a drug in benzene and water system.
13. Determination of critical solution temperature and composition of phenol–water
    system.
14. Determination of specific surface area of charcoal by adsorption of acetic acid on activated charcoal.
15. Determination of buffer capacity at various stages of titration of a weak acid against a strong base and determination of pKa.
    Note:
    Compare the values of various physicochemical properties with marketed formulations wherever possible.

ELECTIVE PRACTICAL SUBJECTS

Communication Skills

Practical – BP212P SEC1

(Perform any 12 Experiments)

1. Introduction to Communication in Pharmacy

• Types of communication: verbal, non-verbal, written
• Importance in clinical, academic, and retail pharmacy

1. Listening and Observation Skills Workshop

• Active listening techniques, barriers to listening
• Observation of cues: patient posture, tone, compliance

1. Role-play: Communicating with a Patient for Dispensing a Prescription

• Explanation of dosage, frequency, side effects, and precautions

1. Role-play: Handling Difficult Conversations (e.g., Angry Patient or Confused Elderly)

• Empathy, patience, tone modulation, de-escalation techniques

1. Written Communication I: Professional Email Writing & Documentation

• Writing emails to doctors, suppliers, institutions
• Structure, etiquette, and clarity in pharmacy communications

1. Written Communication II: Preparing Patient Information Leaflets and Drug Labels

• Use of simple language, drug facts, precautions, icons
• Creating flyers for common conditions (e.g., diabetes, asthma)

1. Non-verbal Communication Skills

• Body language, eye contact, gestures, tone of voice
• Cross-cultural sensitivity in pharmacy communication

1. Presentation Skills I – Basic Techniques

• Voice projection, clarity, use of visuals
• Individual practice with simple pharmacy topics

1. Presentation Skills II – Group Presentations

• Topics: health awareness campaigns, drug education, OTC safety
• Peer and faculty feedback

1. Patient Counseling Practice (Case-Based)

• Counseling for chronic illness (e.g., hypertension, diabetes)
• Role-playing real-life counseling situations

1. Communicating with Healthcare Professionals

• Case handoff, drug information request, referral writing
• Using SBAR (Situation, Background, Assessment, Recommendation) format

1. Mock Interview / Group Discussion Practice

• Industry/clinical job interview scenarios
• GD on topics like “Generic vs Branded Medicines”

1. Digital Communication Skills for Pharmacists

• Creating a simple health blog, social media awareness post
• Basics of teleconsultation and ePharmacy chat support

1. Ethics and Professionalism in Communication

• Confidentiality, patient rights, informed consent
• Role-play ethical dilemmas in pharmacy

1. Assessment & Reflection

• Final presentation or counseling demo
• Feedback, self-evaluation, and faculty observation

Mental Well Conflict Management -Being, Stress

Practical – BP212P SEC2

(Perform any 12 Experiments)

1. Self-assessment of stress levels using Perceived Stress Scale (PSS)
2. Journaling activity: Maintain a 7-day emotional diary
3. Mindfulness breathing exercise and reflection
4. Guided meditation session and feedback form
5. Time management activity using Eisenhower Matrix
6. Role-play exercise on workplace conflict resolution
7. SWOT analysis of personal behavior and coping mechanisms
8. Cognitive restructuring worksheet for negative thoughts
9. Group discussion: “How do you respond to stress?”
10. Conflict styles self-test (Thomas-Kilmann Conflict Mode Instrument)
11. Visualization technique to reduce anxiety
12. Progressive muscle relaxation practice
13. Team activity: Building trust through icebreakers and communication
14. Reflection report after practicing gratitude for 5 days
15. Case study analysis: Conflict scenario in a healthcare/pharma setup

Fundamentals of Computer Operations

Practical – BP212P SEC3

Perform any 12 Experiments)
General Instruction on Digital Tools
Open-source digital tools are preferred for teaching and learning purposes. However, institutions may choose appropriate software platforms, applications, or online services depending on availability, institutional policy, and infrastructure. The selected tools should enable students to perform the required digital and documentation tasks effectively. The specific software may vary, but the skills and competencies listed below must be achieved using suitable tools.
Practical Components

1. Basic operation and navigation of a computer operating system, including system settings and file explorer functions.
2. Creating, renaming, organizing, moving, and deleting files and folders within a computer system.
3. Preparing a structured academic or pharmacy-related report using a word-processing application with appropriate formatting, tables, headers, and page layout.
4. Inserting equations, images, and formatted elements while preparing documents such as reports, notices, or certificates using document editing tools.
5. Creating spreadsheets for pharmacy-related calculations such as dose calculations, inventory records, or sales data using spreadsheet applications.
6. Applying basic spreadsheet formulas and functions such as summation, averaging, conditional calculations, and counting operations.
7. Generating graphs, charts, and data visualizations from experimental or pharmaceutical data using spreadsheet tools.
8. Preparing a short academic presentation (approximately five slides) using presentation software with text, images, and basic design elements.
9. Performing effective internet browsing and academic search techniques using online scientific literature databases and search platforms.
10. Writing and sending professional emails including file attachments, proper subject lines, and appropriate use of CC and BCC with correct communication etiquette.
11. Introduction to digital systems used in pharmacy practice such as billing, inventory management, or prescription management through demonstration or simulation.
12. Using cloud-based storage platforms for saving, organizing, and sharing academic or pharmacy-related files and data.
13. Exploring digital health technologies such as pharmacy-related mobile applications or electronic health tools used in healthcare practice.
14. Accessing and utilizing online learning platforms for professional education and course materials.
15. Preparing and submitting digital assignments using word-processing, spreadsheet, or presentation tools.