Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Important Questions are most helpful for the B.Pharm 6th semester examination. You can also download the suggestions PDF.
Introduction to Biotechnology
Objective Type Questions
1. Define: (i) Biotechnology, (ii) Recombinant DNA technology.
2. What is gene therapy?
3. Why does the insecticidal protein present in *B. Thuringiensis* does not kill the bacteria?
4. What is the most common application of PCR?
Short Answer Questions
1. Briefly explain the different branches of biotechnology.
2. What are the various approaches to treating DNA deficiency diseases?
3. Write the advantages and disadvantages of genetically modified crops.
4. How can biotechnology be useful in agriculture? Explain with examples.
Long Answer Questions
1. Write a short note on the ‘historical developments’ in biotechnology.
2. Explain in detail the importance of Biotechnology with reference to Pharmaceutical Sciences.
Enzyme Biotechnology
Objective Type Questions
1. What is enzyme technology? Explain.
2. Write the advantages and disadvantages of immobilization of enzymes using entrapment.
3. Write different properties of enzymes.
4. Explain the roles of the following:
(i) Penicillinase
(ii) Protease
(iii) Peroxidase
Short Answer Questions
1. Briefly explain methods used for the microencapsulation of enzymes.
2. Explain the production and applications of Lipase.
3. Write notes on:
(a) Catalase
(b) Amylase
Long Answer Questions
1. Briefly explain different applications of enzyme immobilization.
2. Explain in detail the methods for enzyme immobilization.
3. Briefly explain the general method for the production of enzymes.
Biosensors
Objective Type Questions
1. What is a biosensor? Explain.
2. Explain the general principle and components of a biosensor.
3. Write the principle of conductometric biosensors.
Short Answer Questions
1. Write the principle and applications of an amperometric biosensor.
2. Write notes on:
(a) Potentiometric biosensor
(b) Principle of optical biosensor
Long Answer Questions
1. Explain different types of biosensors used in diagnostics.
2. Write the applications of biosensors in the pharmaceutical industry.
Protein Engineering
Objective Type Questions
1. What is protein engineering?
2. Write the principle of protein engineering.
Short Answer Questions
1. What is the rational design approach? Explain.
2. Write a note on:
(a) Site-directed mutagenesis.
(b) Biomedical applications of protein engineering.
Long Answer Questions
1. Explain different protein engineering methods used to design stable proteins.
2. Write the applications of protein engineering.
Cloning Vectors and Enzymes
Objective Type Questions
1. Define vector. Write the features of a good vector.
2. Write the role of the following in gene cloning:
(a) Cosmid vector
(b) DNA ligase
3. List different enzymes used for gene cloning.
Short Answer Questions
1. Explain the role of restriction enzymes in gene cloning.
2. Write notes on:
(a) Plasmid vectors
(b) Yeast vectors
Long Answer Questions
1. Explain various types of vectors for *E. coli*.
2. Explain the importance of expression vectors in rDNA technology.
Recombinant DNA Technology
Objective Type Questions
1. What is recombinant technology?
2. What are interferons?
Short Answer Questions
1. How will you prepare the Hepatitis-B vaccine by recombinant technology?
2. Write the role of yeast cells in the preparation of interferons by recombinant technology.
Long Answer Questions
1. What is healthcare biotechnology? How will you prepare human insulin by rDNA technology?
2. Write in detail the applications of genetic engineering in medicine.
Polymerase Chain Reaction
Objective Type Questions
1. Explain the role of a primer in PCR.
2. Write the role of DNA Polymerase in PCR.
Short Answer Questions
1. Briefly write about different types of PCR.
2. Explain the importance of the temperature profile in PCR.
Long Answer Questions
1. Explain in detail the method of PCR.
2. Explain the applications of the polymerase chain reaction.
Immunity
Objective Type Questions
1. Define:
(a) Immunity
(b) Antibody
(c) MHC
2. Differentiate the following:
(a) Cellular immunity and humoral immunity.
(b) T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes.
Short Answer Questions
1. Explain the structure of MHC.
2. Write the functions of MHC.
3. How will you differentiate between MHC Class I and MHC Class II molecules?
Long Answer Questions
1. Explain the structure of immunoglobulin.
2. Explain different types of immunity.
Hypersensitivity Reaction
Objective Type Questions
1. What is a hypersensitivity reaction?
2. Write the classification of hypersensitivity reactions.
Short Answer Questions
1. What is the basis of type II hypersensitivity reactions? Explain with suitable examples.
2. Differentiate the following:
(a) Immediate hypersensitivity and delayed hypersensitivity.
(b) Type II hypersensitivity and type III hypersensitivity.
3. Write the importance of immune stimulation and immune suppression.
Long Answer Questions
1. Describe the mechanism of type I hypersensitivity reaction with suitable diagrams.
2. Explain different hypersensitivity reactions with suitable examples.
Vaccine and Sera
Objective Type Questions
1. Define ‘vaccines’. Classify the different immunological products.
2. What is a viral vaccine? Give the names of two killed or attenuated viral vaccines.
3. Differentiate the following:
(a) Vaccine and toxoid
(b) Killed vaccine and attenuated vaccine
Short Answer Questions
1. What is a mixed vaccine? Briefly explain any one mixed vaccine.
2. Write notes on:
(a) Quality control of vaccines
(b) Formol toxoid
(c) Storage and stability of official vaccines
Long Answer Questions
1. Explain the general method for the preparation of bacterial vaccines.
2. Briefly explain the method of preparation, storage, and dose of Diphtheria Antitoxin.
Hybridoma Technology
Objective Type Questions
1. Define ‘Monoclonal antibodies’.
2. Write the advantages and disadvantages of monoclonal antibodies.
Short Answer Questions
1. Write briefly about the following applications of monoclonal antibodies:
(a) Therapeutic use
(b) Diagnostic imaging
2. Differentiate between monoclonal antibodies and polyclonal antibodies.
Long Answer Questions
1. Explain in detail the production and purification of monoclonal antibodies by hybridoma technology.
2. Write the applications of monoclonal antibodies.
Immunoblotting Techniques
Objective Type Questions
1. What is blotting? Explain.
2. List different blotting techniques with their applications.
Short Answer Questions
1. Explain the principle of ELISA.
2. Write the applications of the ELISA test.
Long Answer Questions
1. Explain in detail the principle and applications of Southern blotting.
2. Write the technique and importance of Western blotting.
Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes
Objective Type Questions
1. Draw the structure of a Prokaryotic cell.
2. Define the term with suitable examples:
(a) Taxonomy
(b) Prokaryotes
Short Answer Questions
1. Differentiate between a Prokaryotic cell and a Eukaryotic cell.
2. Write a note on the Eukaryotic cell.
Long Answer Questions
1. Write in detail the genetic organization of Eukaryotes.
2. Explain in detail the genetic organization of Prokaryotes.
Microbial Genetics
Objective Type Questions
1. Define the terms:
(a) Conjugation
(b) Specialized transduction
(c) Mutation
2. Briefly explain Griffith’s experiment for bacterial transformation.
3. Differentiate between induced mutation and spontaneous mutation.
Short Answer Questions
1. What are transposons? Explain their role in gene transfer.
2. Write notes on:
(a) Replica Plate method
(b) Davis U-tube experiment
Long Answer Questions
1. What is bacterial recombination? Explain the bacterial transduction technique used in gene transfer.
2. Explain the role of plasmids in gene transfer.
Microbial Biotransformation
Objective Type Questions
1. Write the advantages of microbial transformations.
2. Write one example of the following types of bioconversions:
(i) Hydrolysis
(ii) Esterification
Short Answer Questions
1. What is microbial transformation? Explain microbial transformation by reduction.
2. Write a short note on microbial transformation by oxidation.
Long Answer Questions
1. Explain in detail different biotransformation reactions with special reference to steroids.
2. Write the applications of microbial biotransformation in the synthesis of active molecules.
Fermentation
Objective Type Questions
1. Draw a neat labelled diagram of a fermenter.
2. How will you regulate the concentration of gases in fermentation?
3. Draw a complete typical flow sheet of the fermentation process.
4. Write the advantages and disadvantages of an air-lift fermenter.
5. Differentiate between an internal loop air-lift fermenter and an external loop air-lift fermenter.
Short Answer Questions
1. Discuss the different factors for designing a fermenter.
2. How will you develop an inoculum of spore-forming microorganisms for the fermentation process?
3. Write a short note on:
(a) Continuous fermentation
(b) Fluidized bed bioreactor
Long Answer Questions
1. List different types of fermenters. Explain any one surface fermenter.
2. How will you monitor and control different parameters in large-scale fermentation?
3. What is submerged fermentation? Explain any one submerged fermenter.
Production of Pharmaceuticals
Objective Type Questions
1. Draw a flow sheet for the production of penicillin.
2. How will you prepare the inoculum for citric acid production?
Short Answer Questions
1. Briefly write about the fermentation process of citric acid.
2. Write notes on:
(a) Production of glutamic acid
(b) Upstream process of penicillin
Long Answer Questions
1. Explain in detail the downstream process for the production of penicillin.
2. Explain the production of vitamin \( B_{12} \) by considering the following points:
(a) Strains used
(b) Inoculum development
(c) Fermentation phases
(d) Recovery of vitamin \( B_{12} \)
3. Explain the production of Griseofulvin by considering the following points:
(a) Strains used
(b) Inoculum development
(c) Fermentation phases
(d) Recovery of griseofulvin
Blood Products and Plasma Substitute
Objective Type Questions
1. What is blood? Write the importance of blood donation.
2. Write the ideal properties of plasma substitutes.
3. Briefly explain the quality control of blood products.
Short Answer Questions
1. Briefly write about the production and applications of dextran.
2. Write short notes on:
(a) Human fibrinogen
(b) Dried human plasma
(c) Human normal immunoglobulin
Long Answer Questions
1. Explain in detail the collection, processing, and storage of blood and blood products.
2. Write in detail the production and importance of different plasma substitutes.