Human Anatomy and Physiology 2 Important Questions are most helpful for the B.Pharm 2nd semester examination. You can also download the suggestions PDF.
Nervous System
1. With the help of a well-labelled diagram, describe the structure and functions of a neuron.
2. Draw labelled diagrams to show the major sulci, gyri, and functional areas of the cerebral cortex.
3. Explain briefly the anatomy and physiology of the cerebellum.
4. Explain the structure of the brain stem and indicate the nerves originating from it.
5. What is CSF? Describe its functions.
6. Draw and label the transverse section (T.S.) of the spinal cord and mention its functions.
7. What is a reflex action? Name the parts of a reflex arc.
8. Write an essay on cranial nerves.
9. With a diagram, show how a sensory impulse is carried to the brain and how a motor impulse is carried to the effector organ.
10. Write a note on meninges.
11. Write a note on ventricles of the brain.
12. Explain briefly the functions of the medulla oblongata.
13. Write a short note on the diencephalon.
The Digestive System
1. Draw and label the diagram of the digestive system.
2. Describe the structure of the coats that compose the walls of the oesophagus, stomach, and intestines.
3. Describe the secretory glands along the digestive system, including their secretions and functions.
4. Enlist the functions of the stomach and colon.
5. Enlist the enzymes that act on carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.
6. Outline the functions of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT).
7. Describe the microscopic structure of the liver.
8. Describe the physiology of the liver.
9. Describe the exocrine functions of the pancreas.
10. Write a short note on salivary glands.
11. Describe the physiology of digestion and absorption.
Energetics
1. Describe the mechanisms involved in the biosynthesis of ATP.
2. Describe the synthesis of DNA, RNA, and proteins.
3. What is metabolism? Write a note on basal metabolic rate (BMR).
4. Explain the role of creatinine in fulfilling the energy demands of muscles and the brain.
Respiratory System
1. Define respiration. What do you mean by external respiration and tissue respiration?
2. Draw and label the figure showing the respiratory system.
3. Describe briefly the functions of the nasal cavity.
4. Name the cartilages that form the larynx. Describe the functions of the larynx.
5. What do you know about vocal cords?
6. Define and give normal values for vital capacity, tidal volume, inspiratory and expiratory reserve volumes, residual volume, and functional residual capacity.
7. What is the normal rate of respiration in adults? What are the normal muscles of respiration?
8. What structural changes occur from the trachea up to the alveoli?
9. Explain how intercostal muscles and the diaphragm help in the mechanism of respiration.
10. Describe briefly the physiology of respiration.
The Urinary System
1. Enlist the excretory organs of the body. Mention the excretory products along with their composition.
2. Draw and label the figures: (a) Urinary system, (b) Longitudinal section (L.S.) of the kidney, (c) Nephron.
3. Explain the role of the urinary system in the maintenance of homeostasis of the body’s internal environment.
4. Explain briefly the functions of the kidneys.
5. Discuss in detail the process of urine formation.
6. Name the parts of the urinary system and describe the urinary bladder.
7. Describe the anatomical features of the kidney.
8. Explain the role of the kidneys in the long-term maintenance of blood pressure.
9. What is GFR? Give its average value for a normal man.
10. Explain the terms: (a) Oedema, (b) Nephritis, (c) Glycosuria, (d) Diuretics, (e) Pyelonephritis.
The Endocrine System
1. What do you mean by an endocrine gland? Define the term hormone. List the endocrine glands along with their locations.
2. How is the secretion of hormones controlled?
3. Which gland is called the master gland? Why?
4. Name the hormones that enhance and prolong the sympathetic effect.
5. Describe the terms hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism.
6. Point out the differences between diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus.
7. What are the hormones that control blood calcium levels? How?
8. What is a mineralocorticoid? Why is it so called?
9. Outline the action of vasopressin on the kidneys.
10. Summarise the effects of hyposecretion and hypersecretion of the pituitary gland.
11. Name the hormones from the adrenal cortex and mention their functions.
Reproductive System
1. Define the terms:
(a) Reproduction
(b) Puberty
(c) Menstruation
(d) Menopause
2. Draw and label the male reproductive system.
3. Draw and label the female reproductive system.
4. Describe the structure and functions of the testes.
5. Describe the structure and functions of the ovaries.
6. Describe in detail the phases of menstruation.
Genetics
1. Define the terms: (a) Genetics, (b) Genes, (c) Chromosomes.
2. Describe in detail the human chromosomes.
3. Explain the structure of a gene.
4. Describe the process of biological protein synthesis.
5. Write short notes on: (a) Mendelian inheritance, (b) Mutation.