B.Pharm 4th Semester New Syllabus 2026-27

Herbal Drug Technology

(Theory – BP401T)

UNIT-1: Plant Tissue Culture and Standardized Extracts

• Plant tissue culture as an alternative source of medicine:
• Historical development
• Types of cultures
• Nutritional requirements
• Growth and maintenance of callus and suspension culture
• Role of elicitation, genetic transformation, biotransformation, precursor feeding, and somaclonal variation in biomass and secondary metabolite production
  Introduction to biomanufacturing:
• Medicinal plant–based biomanufacturing
• Utilising plant factories in obtaining valuable ingredients for food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries, Examples: Shikonin and Paclitaxel
• Oral vaccines in healthcare
• Optimization and production of standardized extracts of medicinal plants: Strategies for preparation of desired quality extracts by optimizing and adjusting bioactives ensuring quality using analysis of metabolites and TLC fingerprints of the following:
• Aqueous and hydro-alcoholic extracts of Ashwagandha, Shatavari, Licorice, Neem, and Haritaki
• Flavonoid-rich fraction of Sweet lime peel
• Terpenoid-rich fraction of Bacopa
• Phenol-rich fraction of Green Tea
• Steroid-rich fraction of Tribulus
• Alkaloid-rich fraction of Vasaka

• Herbal formulations:
• Conventional herbal formulations: syrups, mixtures, powders, capsules, tablets, creams, ointments
• Novel dosage forms: phytosomes (phytocomplexes), liposomes, nano formulations
• Composition, preparation, and characterization using standardized extracts and bioactives
  Herbal cosmetics:
• Sources and description of raw materials of herbal origin as active agents in skincare, hair care, and oral hygiene products
• Applications in skincare, hair care, and oral hygiene products such as:
  o Sunscreen-lotion/gel
  o Hair oil, shampoo, herbal dye
  o Herbal mouthwash, chewing gums, candies, gargles
• Face serums and herbal face packs
  Excipients of Natural origin
• Colorants, sweeteners, binders, diluents
• Viscosity builders, disintegrants
• Flavors and perfumes
• Protective agents, waxes, bleaching agents and antioxidants

• WHO, AYUSH, and EU guidelines on quality control, stability, and shelf life studies of herbal medicines
• Approaches for standardisation and quality control of botanicals and formulations
• Testing methods and regulatory considerations
• Role of DNA fingerprint and molecular markers such as rbcL, matK, and SCAR in quality control
• Forensic pharmacognosy: Role in identification of illicit herbal drugs (e.g., Cannabis, Opium)

• General introduction to interactions and role of ADME, Cytochrome P450, and P-gp
• Herb–drug interactions:
  o St. John’s Wort with warfarin
  o Ginkgo biloba with aspirin
• Herb–food interactions:
  o Licorice with salty foods
  o Turmeric with fats
  o Green tea with iron-rich foods
• Herb–herb interactions:
  o Ephedra with Ginseng
  o Chamomile with Valerian
• Adverse reactions related to plants and foods such as allergy, intolerance, and toxicity

• Regulatory framework in India for Herbal and ASU medicines:
• a) Role of regulatory bodies
• b) ASU DTAB (Ayurveda, Siddha, and Unani Drugs Technical Advisory Board)
• c) ASU DCC (Drugs Consultative Committee for ASU drugs)
• d) Schedule T – GMP requirements for ASU drugs
• e) Schedule E1 – Poisonous drugs listed under AYUSH
• f) Drugs and Cosmetics Act – Regulatory provisions relevant to herbal/ASU medicines, procedures for registration, trade, and export
• g) Concept of Phytopharmaceuticals and Ayush Aahara in bridging Indian traditional knowledge with modern science.

(Practical – BP406P)

(Minimum 12 experiments must be performed)

1. To establish seed germination and plant tissue culture of a medicinal plant.
2. Preparation and standardization of extracts of Phenol-rich fraction of Green Tea.
3. Preparation and standardisation of Aqueous and hydro-alcoholic extracts of Ashwagandha or Haritaki (as per IP procedure)
4. Preparation and standardization of Flavonoid-enriched fraction of Sweet lime pee
5. Preparation and standardization of Terpenoid-rich fraction of Bacopa.
6. Preparation and standardization of Steroid-rich fraction of Tribulus
7. Preparation and standardization of Alkaloid-rich fraction of Vasaka
8. Evaluation of excipients of natural origin.
9. To develop and evaluate herbal cosmetics in form of gel, cream, lotion using standardized herbal extract.
10. To develop and evaluate herbal shampoo using standardized herbal extract.
11. To develop herbal formulations in form of syrups and mixtures using standardized herbal extract and their evaluation as per Pharmacopoeial guidelines.
12. To develop herbal tablets using standardized herbal extract and their evaluation as per Pharmacopoeial guidelines.
13. Preparation of botanicals-based new herbal medicinal product delivery systems (phytosomes).
14. Experiential learning-based experiments involving collection of herbal formulations/ extracts from the market and their quality evaluation as per Pharmacopoeial guidelines.
15. Survey on different commercialized marketed herbal cosmetics.
16. Survey on different commercialized marketed herbal medicine.

Medicinal Chemistry

(Theory – BP402T)

Study of the development of the following classes of drugs, Chemical Classification, Structure, uses of drugs mentioned in the course, Structure activity relationship of selective class of drugs as specified in the course and Synthesis of selected drugs as superscripted (*)

UNIT-1: Fundamentals of Medicinal Chemistry

• Introduction: History and scope of medicinal chemistry
• Physicochemical properties in relation to biological action: Ionization, solubility, partition coefficient, hydrogen bonding, Chelation, Bioisosterism and protein binding
• Drug metabolism: Phase I & II reactions

• Adrenergic or Sympathomimetic agents: Nor-epinephrine, Epinephrine, Phenylephrine, Dopamine, Methyldopa, Clonidine, Dobutamine, Isoproterenol, Terbutaline, Salbutamol, Bitolterol, Naphazoline, Oxymetazoline and Xylometazoline, Hydroxyamphetamine, Pseudoephedrine, Propylhexedrine, Metaraminol.
• Anti-adrenergic or Sympatholytic agents: Tolazoline, Phentolamine, Phenoxybenzamine, Prazosin, Dihydroergotamine, Propranolol, Metibranolol, Atenolol, Betazolol, Bisoprolol, Esmolol, Metoprolol, Labetalol, Carvedilol. SAR of beta adrenergic blockers.
• Cholinergic or Parasympathomimetic agents: Acetylcholine, Carbachol*, Bethanechol, Methacholine, Pilocarpine, Physostigmine, Neostigmine, Pyridostigmine, Edrophonium chloride, Tacrine hydrochloride, Ambenonium chloride, Isofluorphate, Echothiophate iodide, Parathione, Malathion. Pralidoxime chloride.
• Anti-Cholinergic or Parasympatholytic agents: Atropine, Hyoscyamine, Scopolamine, Homatropine, Ipratropium, Tropicamide, Cyclopentolate, Clidinium Glycopyrrolate, Dicyclomine, Methantheline, Propantheline, Benztropine mesylate, Orphenadrine, Biperidine, Procyclidine, Tridihexethyl, Isopropamide, Ethopropazine, SAR of cholinergic blockers.
• Local anesthetic agents: Cocaine, Hexylcaine, Meprylcaine, Cyclomethycaine, Piperocaine. Benzocaine, Butamben, Procaine, Butacaine, Propoxycaine, Tetracaine, Benoxinate, Lignocaine, Mepivacaine, Prilocaine, Etidocaine, Phenacaine, Diperodon, Dibucaine. SAR of Local anesthetics.

• Anti-anginals: Amyl nitrite, Nitroglycerin, Pentaerythritol, Isosorbide dinitrite*, Dipyridamole, Verapamil, Bepridil hydrochloride, Diltiazem, Nifedipine, Amlodipine, Felodipine, Nicardipine, Nimodipine.
• Anti-hypertensives: Timolol, Captopril, Lisinopril, Enalapril, Benazepril, Quinapril, Methyldopate,* Clonidine, Guanethidine, Guanabenz, Sodium nitroprusside, Diazoxide, Minoxidil, Reserpine, Hydralazine.
• Drugs to treat Congestive Heart Failure (CHF): Digoxin, Digitoxin, Nesiritide, Bosentan,Tezosentan.
• Anti-arrhythmics (Class I–IV): Quinidine sulphate, Procainamide, Disopyramide*, Phenytoin, Lidocaine, Tocainide, Mexiletine, Lorcainide, Amiodarone, Sotalol.

• Antihyperlipidemic Agents: Fenofibrate*, Lovastatin, Cholesteramine and Cholestipol
• Coagulants and Anti-Coagulants: Menadione, Acetomenadione, Warfarin, Anisindione, clopidogrel.
• Diuretics: Acetazolamide, Methazolamide, Dichlorphenamide, Chlorthiazide, Hydrochlorothiazide, Hydroflumethiazide, Cyclothiazide, Furosemide, Bumetanide, Ethacrynic acid, Spironolactone, Triamterene, Amiloride. Mannitol. SAR of Thiazides.

• Antihistamines
  a. H1–antagonists: Diphenhydramine hydrochloride, Dimenhydrinate, Doxylamines, Clemastine, Diphenylphyraline, Tripelenamine, Chlorcyclizine, Meclizine, Buclizine, Chlorpheniramine, Triprolidine, Phenindamine, Promethazine, Trimeprazine, Cyproheptadine, Azatidine, Astemizole, Loratadine, Cetirizine, Levocetrizine Cromolyn.
  b. H2-antagonists: Cimetidine*, Famotidine, Ranitidine.
• Gastric Proton pump inhibitors: Omeprazole, Lansoprazole, Rabeprazole, Pantoprazole
  Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs), Antipyretics: Sodium salicylate, Aspirin, Diflunisal, Mefenamic acid, Niflumic acid, Meclofenamate, Indomethacin, Sulindac, Tolmetin, Zomepirac, Diclofenac, Ketorolac, Ibuprofen, Naproxen, Piroxicam, Phenacetin, Acetaminophen, Antipyrine, Phenylbutazone, Celecoxib, Etoricoxib, SAR of representative agents by class.

(Practical – BP407P)

(Minimum 12 experiments must be performed)

1. Preparation of Drugs / Intermediates
   a. Aspirin
   b. Benzotriazole
   c. Benzocaine
   d. Phenytoin
   e. Dibenzalacetone
   f. Paracetamol
2. Assay of Drugs (Any 3)
   a. Aspirin
   b. Ibuprofen
   c. Furosemide
   d. Paracetamol
3. Monograph Analysis (Any 3)
   a. Paracetamol
   b. Aspirin
   c. Phenobarbital
   d. Diclofenac
   e. Phenytoin

Pharmaceutical Biotechnology

(Theory – BP403T)

UNIT-1: Introduction to Pharmaceutical Biotechnology

• Introduction to biotechnology in pharmaceutical sciences; protein therapeutics; analytical characterization of proteins; monoclonal antibodies; antigens; enzyme immobilization; cell culture and immobilization techniques; pharmaceutical applications.

• Principles of genetic engineering; recombinant DNA technology; production of interferons, hepatitis-B vaccine, and insulin; polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and its applications; mutations and types of mutants.

• Microbial biotransformation; fermentation principles and process control; industrial production of alcohol, penicillins, citric acid, and vitamin B₁₂; blood products—collection, processing, and storage.

• Gene therapy—types and methodologies; delivery systems; ethical concerns and challenges; Human Genome Project; role of bioinformatics and artificial intelligence in personalized medicine.

• Basics of immunology; types and generations of vaccines; immunization strategies; vaccine preparation, evaluation, and standardization; regulatory aspects; sera therapy; marketed products; challenges and newer approaches.

(Practical – BP408P)

(Minimum 12 experiments must be performed)

1. Understanding Good microbiological laboratory practices while working in Microbiology laboratory aseptic handling in microbiology lab: growth and isolation of microbes using streaking, spreading and subculturing techniques: microbial staining, study of various equipments such as loop, straight wire, spreader, forceps,
   pipette, test tube, petridish, burner etc and apparatus used in microbiology lab BOD incubator, laminar flow, aseptic hood, autoclave, hot air sterilizer, deep freezer and microscopes.
2. Handling of biological spill, decontamination procedures and hygiene while handling microorganisms and disposal
3. Sterilization and evaluation of glassware and apparatus using hot air oven
4. Preparation and sterilization of solid and liquid culture medium using different techniques
5. Determination of microbiological efficacy of disinfectant/ preservative efficacy test
6. Tests for sterility of ophthalmic or parenteral marketed formulation according to IP.
7. Analysis of Biotechnological product (Protein, nucleic acid materials) by UV Vis and FTIR spectrophotometer
8. Production of alcohol using Fermentation process
9. Practice Whole cell immobilization technique (any one)
10. Practice Enzyme immobilization technique and its kinetics
11. Isolation and estimation of DNA and RNA
12. Isolation of plasmids and expression of protein
13. Agarose gel electrophoresis of DNA/ RNA
14. SDS – polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis for proteins.
15. Microbiological assay of antibiotics.

Social Pharmacy and Public Health

(Theory – BP404T)

UNIT-1: Introduction to Social Pharmacy and Public Health

• a) Social Pharmacy: Definition, scope, historical development, and importance. Social pharmacy as a multidisciplinary field.
• b) Public Health: Definition, concepts, history, core functions, and ethical considerations.
• c) Interplay between Social Pharmacy and Public Health: The evolving role of the pharmacist in the public health arena.
• d) Concept of Health and Disease: WHO definition of health; dimensions of health – physical, mental, social, spiritual, and environmental.
• e) Determinants of Health: Social, economic, environmental, lifestyle, and healthcare service determinants and their impact on population health.
• f) Health Indicators: Indicators used to measure health status and health outcomes in a population.

• a) Healthcare Delivery Systems: Overview of global healthcare systems.
• b) Indian Healthcare System: Structure, public and private sectors, primary, secondary, and tertiary levels of care.
• c) Health Policy: Introduction to health policy formulation and analysis; objectives of India’s National Health Policy.
• d) National Health Mission (NHM): NRHM and NUHM – goals, strategies, and impact on public health indicators.
• e) Pharmacoepidemiology: Definition, aims, scope, and applications.
• f) Measures of Disease Frequency and Distribution: Incidence, prevalence, endemic, epidemic, pandemic; morbidity and mortality rates, Odds ratio and relative risk.
• g) Introduction to Biostatistics: Role in public health; types of data; basic data presentation methods.

• a) Levels of Prevention: Primordial, primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention with examples.
• b) Role of Pharmacists in Disease Prevention and Health Promotion:
• Immunization services, screening programs, lifestyle counselling.
• c) Health Education: Definition, principles, methods, and importance; development of effective health education materials.
• d) Mother and Child Health (MCH): Antenatal care, postnatal care, breastfeeding, immunization schedules.
• e) Communicable Diseases: Modes of transmission, prevention, and control of tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS, malaria, dengue, typhoid, influenza; pharmacist’s role.

• a) Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs): Diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, chronic respiratory diseases, cancer; prevention and management.
• b) Nutrition and Health: Balanced diet, macro- and micronutrients, malnutrition, nutritional deficiency disorders, food safety, and adulteration.
• c) Mental Health: Common mental disorders, stigma, promotion of mental well-being; pharmacist’s role.
• d) National Health Programs in India: Programs related to MCH, NCDs, communicable diseases, tobacco control, and deafness prevention.

• a) Pharmacoeconomics: Introduction, significance; Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA), Cost-Effectiveness Analysis (CEA), Cost-Utility Analysis (CUA).
• b) Rational Use of Medicines (RUM): Definition, importance, problems of irrational drug use; pharmacist’s role.
• c) Medication Adherence: Factors affecting adherence, consequences of non-adherence, improvement strategies.
• d) Drug Misuse and Abuse: Alcohol, tobacco, opioids, prescription drug abuse; pharmacist’s role.
• e) Professionalism and Ethics in Social Pharmacy: Ethical dilemmas in public health pharmacy.
• f) Disaster Management: Role of pharmacists.
• g) Emerging Trends: Telepharmacy, digital health, personalized medicine, expanding public health responsibilities of pharmacists.

(Practical – BP409P)

(Minimum 12 Experiments must be performed; * Mandatory experiments)

1. Training on health screening services (Blood pressure, body mass index (BMI), blood glucose levels, heart rate (pulse rate), respiratory rate, body temperature, oxygen saturation (SpO₂), hemoglobin levels (basic anemia screening)).
2. Develop health promotion material for the prevention of communicable diseases.
3. Role play- usage of different mental scales in patient screening.
4. Case study on calculation of prevalence; incidence, odds ratio and relative risk.
5. Design and demonstrate preventive strategies for major communicable diseases (group activity)
6. Present a case study highlighting cost-benefit analysis in healthcare.
7. Perform cost-effectiveness analysis for selected health interventions.
8. Conduct cost-utility analysis to assess health program efficiency.
9. Perform basic first aid techniques.
10. Design informational leaflet on lifestyle modifications for disease prevention.
11. Identify and illustrate irrational drug use with a real-world example.
12. Prepare an immunization chart, interpret the vaccination schedule and perform patient counselling for vaccination*.
13. Hand wash and hand sanitizing techniques*.
14. Demonstration and practice of wound dressing in first aid and basic suturing techniques*.
15. Practical training on routes of drug administration-oral, and other non-parenteral routes*.
16. Practical training on routes of drug administration- parenteral routes*.
17. Training on basic life support (BLS)*.

Systemic Pharmacology 1

(Theory – BP405T)

UNIT-1: Pharmacology of drugs acting on the peripheral nervous system

• a) Organization and functions of PNS.
• b) Neurohumoral transmission, co-transmission. Neurotransmitters and their receptors, including non-adrenergic and non-cholinergic (NANC) neurotransmitters.
• c) Parasympathomimetic and Parasympatholytic drugs.
• d) Sympathomimetic and sympatholytic drugs.
• e) Skeletal muscle relaxants (peripheral and central).
• f) Drugs used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and glaucoma

• a) Introduction to cardiovascular hemodynamic and cardiac electrophysiology.
• b) Drugs used in congestive cardiac failure.
• c) Anti-arrhythmic drugs.
• d) Anti-anginal and newer anti-ischemic drugs.
• e) Anti-hypertensive drugs.
• f) Shock, types of shocks and drugs used in their management.
• g) Stroke, types of strokes and drugs used in their management

• 1.Pharmacology of drugs acting on blood
• a) Anti-platelet agents
• b) Coagulants and anticoagulants.
• c) Fibrinolytics and Plasma expanders.
• d) Haematinics.
• e) Anti-hyperlipidaemic drugs.
• Pharmacology of drugs acting on kidney
  a) Diuretics.
  b) Anti-diuretics.

• a) Introduction to autacoids and their classification. Therapeutic significance of important agonists and antagonists of prostaglandins, thromboxane, leukotrienes, angiotensin, bradykinin and substance P.
• b) Histamine and antihistamines.
• c) 5-HT, its agonists and antagonists, drugs used in migraine.
• d) Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antipyretics and analgesics.
• e) Anti-gout and Antirheumatic drugs including Disease Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs (DMARDs).

• i) Pharmacology of Drugs acting on respiratory system
• a) Drugs used in the treatment of bronchial asthma and COPD.
• b) Definitions, classification and therapeutic uses of nasal decongestants, mucolytics, expectorants and antitussives.
• c) Respiratory stimulants.
• ii) Pharmacology of Drugs acting on immune system Mechanism of action, adverse effects and therapeutic uses of important classes of immune stimulants and immunosuppressants.

(Practical – BP410P)

(Minimum 12 Experiments must be performed)

1. To demonstrate Langendorff’s heart assembly and its applications in pharmacology (only video demonstration/or charts and illustrations).
2. Recording of the effects of different electrolytes, agonists and antagonists on the isolated and perfused frog heart preparation using interactive computer simulation experiment.
3. To study the effect of various drugs on blood pressure and heart rate anaesthetized dog using interactive computer simulation experiment.
4. Demonstration of the estimation of intraocular pressure on rabbit eye and human eye by using conventional Schiotz tonometer and non-contact tonometer.
5. To evaluate the muscle relaxant activity of drugs on Rota-rod apparatus using interactive computer simulation experiment.
6. Demonstration of the effect of spasmogens and spasmolytic using rabbit jejunum using interactive computer simulation experiment.
7. Determination of PA2 value of Atropine using a suitable isolated tissue preparation by Schild plot method with the help of hypothetical data using interactive computer simulation experiment.
8. Determination of PA2 value of Prazosin using a suitable isolated tissue preparation by Schild plot method with the help of hypothetical data using interactive computer simulation experiment.
9. To study the antiallergic effects of drugs using mast cell degranulation assay using interactive computer simulated experiment.
10. Evaluation of diuretic activity of drugs in rats using metabolic cages (simulation) and estimation of electrolytes in the urine samples/serum using flame photometer/commercially available kits.
11. Evaluation of effects of antihistaminic drugs on the histamine-induced bronchospasm in guinea pigs using interactive simulated experiment.
12. To study and analyse drug-drug interaction/ rational drug management of asthma with the help of Case Study/ hypothetical data/ any clinical report.
13. To study clinical pharmacology of the plasma volume expanders and their importance (using charts/open sources videos).
14. Demonstration of evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity in paw oedema model using plethysmometer using simulations.
15. Concept of Biobanking and its significance in drug screening.
16. Isolation of Polymorphonuclear cells from blood and evaluation of endotoxin-induced oxidative stress in them using Nitrobluetetrazolium dye method by colourimetry.
17. Determination of viability of cells (using isolated polymorphonuclear cells) by Trypan blue dye exclusion assay to determine cell viability using microscopy method.
18. Determination of anti-inflammatory activity of durgs in vitro using RBC membrane stabilization assay
19. Determination of protein concentrations using Bradford reagent and plotting of standard curve of bovine serum albumin.
20. Estimation of anticholinesterase inhibitory activity of drugs using Ellman’s reagent (DTNB)
21. Determination and and plotting of standard curve for LPO, Nitric oxide and GSH.
    *PCI recommended software’s shall be used for performing experiments.

Internship (Mandatory) – BP411I

Every candidate shall be required to complete a minimum of 240 hours of practical training, spread
over a period of two semesters, in a Pharmaceutical/ Cosmetics/ Medical Devices/ Food Industry, or
in a Hospital/Community Pharmacy, or any other relevant field as per the prescribed course content.
He/she has to submit two internship reports which will be evaluated separately.
Certificate and Report submission: 75 Marks
Presentation and Discussion: 25 Marks
Total: 100 Marks